TMT Bars for Constructions

TMT Bars

TMT stands for Thermo Mechanically Treated. The TMT bars have a hard outer surface and a softer core. Their manufacturing process includes hot rolled steel wires passed through water. This makes the surface hard and keeps the core warmer and softer. This helps in making the steel corrosion resistant and also increases its weldability.

On the other hand, HYSD stands for High Yielding Strength Deformed bars. These bars have more yield strength than Mild Steel. Unlike TMT bars, HYSD bars are both hot and cold worked. They are graded as Fe 415 or Fe500.

The Indian Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement (IS1786) has indicated three strength grades Fe 415, Fe 500 & Fe 550 which is given below in table. The numbers after the prefix Fe indicate the specified minimum yield strengths in MPa unit.

Mechanical Properties:

SL No.	PROPERTY	GRADE
		Fe 415	Fe 500	Fe 550
i)	0.2 percent  proof stress/ yield stress, Min, MPa	415.0	500.0	550.0
ii)	Elongation, percent, Min, on gauge length 5.65 ÖA, where A is the cross-sectional area of the test piece.	14.5	12.0	8.0
iii)	Tensile strength, Min	10% more than the actual 0.2% proof stress but not below 485.0 MPa.	8% more than the actual 0.2% proof stress but not below 545.0 Mpa.	6% more than the actual 0.2% proof stress but not less than 585. MPa.

Carbon Content and Carbon Equivalent: The Indian Specification (IS 1786) limits the carbon content to 0.25% maximum and carbon equivalent to 0.42% maximum (0.53% for low alloy steel) for guaranteed weldability. Steel manufacturer in India maintains a carbon equivalent of 0.18% with a standard deviation of 0.03% across all sections including those rolled in a high-speed wire rod mill.

Sulphur and Phosphorus Content: The Indian Specification (IS 1786) calls for sulphur and phosphorus content of 0.060% Max. Steel manufacturer in India maintains at levels considerably below the specification.

Percentage Elongation: The Indian Specification (IS 1786) stipulates 14.5% elongation minimum. However, in India most of the integrated steel plant maintains the elongation values between 22 to 25%.

UTS / YS Ratio: In the case of UTS/YS ratio Indian Specification (IS 1786) stipulates an UTS / YS ratio of 1.10, 1.08 and 1.06 for the Fe415, Fe500, Fe550 grades respectively. But all the steel manufacture in India maintains this value more than 1.15 in India.

Chemical Composition of Steel for TMT and other grades:

Typical chemical compositions of steel for TMT adopted by a reputed steel manufacturers for different sizes are given below:

S.N	TMT size in mm	Carbon percentage	Manganese percentage
1	8-12	0.19 to 0.23	0.54 to 0.84
2	16	0.11 to 0.15	0.50 to 0.66
3	20	0.09 to 0.17	0.50 to 0.66
4	25	0.17 to 0.25	0.51 to 0.75
5	28	- do-	0.99 to 1.11
6	More than 28	- do-	0.89 to 1.01

  

IES 2017 Syllabus for Mechanical Engineering

The As per the official declaration and notice from UPSC, IES ESE (Engineering Services Examination) 2017 syllabus has been changes and provision of Preliminary examination followed by Mains examination has been introduced.

Changes:

In Stage I there will be two papers:

1. General Studies and Engineering Aptitude Paper (2 hours) - 200 Marks
2. Engineering Discipline Specific Paper (3 hours) - 300 Marks.

Total Marks: 500

Stage-I is mandatory for all applicants and is to be qualified for entry to Stage-II.

Stage-1: Paper-I is General Studies and Engineering Aptitude having 10 sub sections namely:

1.    Current issues of national and international importance relating to social, economic and industrial development.

2.    Engineering Aptitude covering Logical reasoning and Analytical ability.

3.    Engineering Mathematics and Numerical Analysis.

4.    General Principles of Design, Drawing, Importance of Safety.

5.    Standards and Quality practices in production, construction, maintenance and services.

6.    Basics of Energy and Environment: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, Climate Change, Environmental impact assessment.

7.    Basics of Project Management.

8.    Basics of Material Science and Engineering.

9.    Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based tools and their applications in Engineering.

10. Ethics and values in engineering profession.

In Stage II there will be two papers:

1. Engineering Discipline Specific Paper I (3 hours) - 300 Marks.
2. Engineering Discipline Specific Paper II (3 hours) - 300 Marks.

Total Marks: 600

In Stage III there will be one personality test:

• Personality Test - 200 marks

Total Marks: 200
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Grand Total: 500 + 600 + 200 = 1300 Marks.
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Only those candidates who will qualify Stage -I will be permitted to appear in Stage-II examination. Similarly, only those Candidates qualifying at Stage-I + Stage-II will be permitted to appear in Stage-III examination.

BRIEF REPORT OF THE CHANGES

·       Approximate number of candidates qualifying for stage II is likely to 15 times the number of vacancies in each discipline.

·         Syllabus of technical subjects for preliminary as well as mains is identical.

·         GATE syllabus is a subset of ESE-2017 syllabus.

·    Weightage of stage-2 or conventional papers is up from nearly 33% till ESE 2016 to about 46% from ESE 2017 onwards.

·         Total score of all the 3 stages from ESE- 2017 onwards is up from 1200 to 1300.

·    Paper-I worth 200 marks and of 2 hours duration with equal weightage for General English and General Studies till ESE 2016 has been replaced with General Studies and Engineering Aptitude having 200 marks and 2 hours duration having 10 sub sections (detailed earlier).

·     Special emphasis on a number of subjects which are part of common B. Tech. course curriculum in nearly all institutions/universities.

·     In Mechanical Engineering stream, 2 new subjects have been added namely: Renewable Sources of Energy and Mechatronics and Robotics.

Old IES Syllabus-Mechanical Engineering

Syllabus for IES: Indian Engineering Services Examination

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PAPER-I

(For both objective and conventional type papers)

1. Thermodynamics, Cycles and IC Engines: Basic concepts, Open and Closed systems. Heat and work. Zeroth, First and Second Law, Application to non-Flow and Flow processes. Entropy, Availability, Irreversibility and Tds relations. Claperyron and real gas equations, Properties of ideal gases and vapours. Standard vapour, Gas power and Refrigeration cycles. Two stage compressor. C-I and S.I. Engines. Pre-ignition, Detonation and Diesel-knock, Fuel injection and Carburation, Supercharging. Turbo-prop and Rocket engines, Engine Cooling, Emission & Control, Flue gas analysis, Measurement of Calorific values. Conventional and Nuclear fuels, Elements of Nuclear power production.

2. Heat Transfer and Refrigeration and Air conditioning: Modes of heat transfer. One dimensional steady and unsteady conduction. Composite slab and Equivalent Resistance. Heat dissipation from extended surfaces, Heat exchangers, Overall heat transfer coefficient, Empirical correlations for heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flows and for free and forced Convection, Thermal boundary layer over a flat plate. Fundamentals of diffusive and connective mass transfer, Black body and basic concepts in Radiation, Enclosure theory, Shape factor, Net work analysis. Heat pump and Refrigeration cycles and systems, Refrigerants. Condensers, Evaporates and Expansion devices, Psychrometry, Charts and application to air conditioning, Sensible heating and cooling, Effective temperature, comfort indices, Load calculations, Solar refrigeration, controls, Duct design.

3. Fluid Mechanics: Properties and classification of fluids, Manometry, forces on immersed surfaces, Center of pressure, Buoyancy, Elements of stability of floating bodies. Kinematics and Dynamics. Irrotational and incompressible. Inviscid flow. Velocity potential, Pressure field and Forces on immersed bodies. Bernoulli's equation, Fully developed flow through pipes, Pressure drop calculations,Measurement of flow rate and Pressure drop. Elements of boundary layer theory, Integral approach, Laminar and turbulent flows, Separations. Flow over weirs and notches. Open channel flow, Hydraulic jump. Dimensionless numbers, Dimensional analysis, Similitude and modelling. One-dimensional isentropic flow, Normal shock wave, Flow through convergent - divergent ducts, Oblique shock-wave,Rayleigh and Fanno lines.

4. Fluid Machinery and Steam Generators: Performance, Operation and control of hydraulic Pump and impulse and reaction Turbines, Specific speed, Classification. Energy transfer, Coupling, Power transmission, Steam generators Fire-tube and water-tube boilers. Flow of steam through Nozzles and Diffusers, Wetness and condensation. Various types of steam and gas Turbines, Velocity diagrams. Partial admission. Reciprocating, Centrifugal and axial flow Compressors, Multistage compression, role of Mach Number, Reheat, Regeneration,Efficiency, Governance.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PAPER - II

(For both objective and conventional type papers)

5. THEORY OF MACHINES: Kinematic and dynamic analysis of planer mechanisms. Cams. Gears and gear trains. Flywheels. Governors. Balancing of rigid rotors and field balancing. Balancing of single and multi cylinder engines, Linear vibration analysis of mechanical systems. Critical speeds and whirling of shafts Automatic controls.

6. MACHINE DESIGN :Design of Joints : cotters, keys, splines, welded joints, threaded fasteners, joints formed by interference fits. Design of friction drives : couplings and clutches, belt and chain drives, power screws.

Design of Power transmission systems : gears and gear drives shaft and axle, wire ropes.

Design of bearings : hydrodynamics bearings and rolling element bearings.

7. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Stress and strain in two dimensions, Principal stresses and strains, Mohr's construction, linear elastic materials, isotropy and anisotropy, stress-strain relations, uniaxial loading, thermal stresses. 

Beams :Bending moment and shear force diagram, bending stresses and deflection of beams. Shear stress distribution. Torsion of shafts, helical springs. Combined stresses, thick-and thin-walled pressure vessels. Struts and columns. Strain energy concepts and theories of failure.

8. ENGINEERING MATERIALS :Basic concepts on structure of solids. Crystalline materials. Detects in crystalline materials. Alloys and binary phase diagrams. Structure and properties of common engineering materials. Heat treatment of steels. Plastics, Ceramics and composite materials. Common applications of various materials.

9. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING :

Metal Forming : Basic Principles of forging, drawing and extrusion; High energy rate forming; Powder metallurgy.

Metal Casting : Die casting, investment casting, Shall Moulding, Centrifugal Casting, Gating & Riser design; melting furnaces.

Fabrication Processes : Principles of Gas, Arc, Shielded arc Welding; Advanced Welding Processes,

Weldability: Metallurgy of Welding.

Metal Cutting : Turning, Methods of Screw Production, Drilling, Boring, Milling, Gear Manufacturing,Production of flat surfaces, Grinding & Finishing Processes. Computer Controlled Manufacturing Systems-CNC, DNC, FMS, Automation and Robotics.Cutting Tools Materials, Tool Geometry, Mechanism of Tool Wear, Tool Life & Machinability; Measurement of cutting forces. Economics of Machining. Unconventional Machining Processes. Jigs and Fixtures. Fits and tolerances, Measurement of surface texture, Comparators Alignment tests and reconditioning of Machine Tools.

10. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING :

Production Planning and Control : Forecasting - Moving average, exponential smoothing, Operations, scheduling; assembly line balancing, Product development, Break-even analysis, Capacity planning,PERT and CPM.

Control Operations : Inventory control ABC analysis, EOQ model, Materials requirement planning. Job design, Job standards, Work measurement, Quality Management - Quality analysis and control.

Operations Research : Linear Programming - Graphical and Simplex methods, Transportation and assignment models. Single server queuing model. Value Engineering : Value analysis for cost/value.

11. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTATION :

Computer Organisation, Flow charting, Features of Common computer Languages - FORTRAN, d Base III, Lotus 1-2-3, C and elementary Programming.

GATE SYLLABUS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Mathematics:

Linear Algebra:

Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus:

Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems,

Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,

Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional

derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.

Differential equations:

First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations

with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value

problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations

and Laplace equation.

Complex variables:

Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.

Probability and Statistics:

Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median,

mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial

distributions.

Numerical Methods:

Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by

trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

Applied Mechanics and Design:

Engineering Mechanics:

Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and

dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and

momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact.

Strength of Materials:

Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr's circle for plane

stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams;

bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler's

theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses.

Theory of Machines:

Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms; dynamic

analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear trains; flywheels.

Vibrations:

Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems; effect of damping;

vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts.

Design:

Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N

diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and

welded joints, shafts, spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, brakes and

clutches.

Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences: 

Fluid Mechanics:

Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass,

momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and

momentum; Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer;

elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.

Heat-Transfer:

Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical

analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced

convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates

and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer,

black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance,

LMTD and NTU methods.

Thermodynamics:

Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and

processes; Carnot cycle. irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real

gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes;

analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion.

Applications:

Power Engineering: 

Steam Tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration and

reheat. I.C. Engines: air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles. Refrigeration and air-conditioning:

Vapour refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, Reverse Brayton cycle; moist

air: psychrometric chart, basic psychometric processes. Turbomachinery: Peltonwheel,

Francis and Kaplan turbines - impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams.

Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering:

Engineering Materials:

Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment, stress-strain

diagrams for engineering materials.

Metal Casting:

Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design,

design considerations.

Forming:

Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes;

load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep

drawing, bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy.

Joining:

Physics of welding, brazing and soldering; adhesive bonding; design considerations in

welding.

Machining and Machine Tool Operations:

Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and

materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles of non-traditional

machining processes; principles of work holding, principles of design of jigs and fixtures

Metrology and Inspection:

Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements; comparators; gauge

design; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing methods;

tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly.

Computer Integrated Manufacturing:

Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools.

Production Planning and Control:

Forecasting models, aggregate production planning, scheduling, materials requirement

planning.

Inventory Control:

Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock inventory control systems.

Operations Research:

Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation, assignment, network

flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM.